Плотности растворов кислот, оснований и органических веществ

Кислоты.

HCl

Хлористоводородная кислота, Mw=36.46g/M; 20^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
0.36	0.0987	3.60	1
1.36	0.3749	13.67	1.005
2.364	0.6549	23.88	1.01
3.374	0.9393	34.25	1.015
4.388	1.2276	44.76	1.02
5.408	1.5204	55.43	1.025
6.433	1.8173	66.26	1.03
7.464	2.1188	77.25	1.035
8.49	2.4217	88.30	1.04
9.51	2.7257	99.38	1.045
10.52	3.0296	110.46	1.05
11.52	3.3334	121.54	1.055
12.51	3.6370	132.61	1.06
13.5	3.9434	143.78	1.065
14.495	4.2539	155.10	1.07
15.485	4.5657	166.46	1.075
16.47	4.8787	177.88	1.08
17.45	5.1929	189.33	1.085
18.43	5.5098	200.89	1.09
19.41	5.8294	212.54	1.095
20.39	6.1517	224.29	1.1
21.36	6.4736	236.03	1.105
22.33	6.7982	247.86	1.11
23.29	7.1224	259.68	1.115
24.25	7.4493	271.60	1.12
25.22	7.7818	283.73	1.125
26.2	8.1201	296.06	1.13
27.18	8.4611	308.49	1.135
28.18	8.8111	321.25	1.14
29.17	9.1606	334.00	1.145
30.14	9.5066	346.61	1.15
31.14	9.8647	359.67	1.155
32.14	10.2256	372.82	1.16
33.16	10.5956	386.31	1.165
34.18	10.9683	399.91	1.17
36.23	11.7256	427.51	1.18
38.32	12.5071	456.01	1.19
40	13.1432	479.20	1.198

HClO₄

Хлорная кислота (Perchloric Acid), Mw=100.46g/M; 20^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
1	0.1000	10.05	1.005
3.61	0.3665	36.82	1.02
6.88	0.7122	71.55	1.04
10.06	1.0615	106.64	1.06
13.08	1.4062	141.26	1.08
16	1.7519	176.00	1.1
18.88	2.1049	211.46	1.12
21.64	2.4557	246.70	1.14
24.3	2.8059	281.88	1.16
26.82	3.1503	316.48	1.18
29.26	3.4951	351.12	1.2
31.61	3.8388	385.64	1.22
33.85	4.1782	419.74	1.24
36.03	4.5190	453.98	1.26
38.1	4.8545	487.68	1.28
40.1	5.1891	521.30	1.3
42.02	5.5212	554.66	1.32
43.89	5.8543	588.13	1.34
45.71	6.1881	621.66	1.36
47.49	6.5236	655.36	1.38
49.23	6.8606	689.22	1.4
50.9	7.1947	722.78	1.42
52.51	7.5268	756.14	1.44
54.03	7.8523	788.84	1.46
55.55	8.1838	822.14	1.48
57.06	8.5198	855.90	1.5
58.54	8.8573	889.81	1.52
60.04	9.2038	924.62	1.54
61.52	9.5532	959.71	1.56
63	9.9084	995.40	1.58
64.5	10.2727	1032.00	1.6
66.01	10.6447	1069.36	1.62
66.76	10.8321	1088.19	1.63
67.51	11.0209	1107.16	1.64
68.26	11.2113	1126.29	1.65
69.02	11.4049	1145.73	1.66
69.77	11.5982	1165.16	1.67
70.15	11.6963	1175.01	1.675

HNO₃

Азотная кислота, Mw=63.01g/M; 20^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
0.3296	0.0523	3.30	1
3.982	0.6446	40.62	1.02
7.53	1.2429	78.31	1.04
10.97	1.8455	116.28	1.06
14.31	2.4528	154.55	1.08
17.58	3.0690	193.38	1.1
20.79	3.6954	232.85	1.12
23.94	4.3313	272.92	1.14
27	4.9706	313.20	1.16
30	5.6182	354.00	1.18
32.94	6.2733	395.28	1.2
35.93	6.9568	438.35	1.22
39.02	7.6789	483.85	1.24
42.14	8.4267	530.96	1.26
45.27	9.1963	579.46	1.28
48.42	9.9898	629.46	1.3
51.71	10.8328	682.57	1.32
55.13	11.7242	738.74	1.34
58.78	12.6870	799.41	1.36
62.7	13.7321	865.26	1.38
66.97	14.8799	937.58	1.4
71.63	16.1426	1017.15	1.42
76.71	17.5309	1104.62	1.44
82.39	19.0905	1202.89	1.46
89.07	20.9211	1318.24	1.48
96.73	23.0273	1450.95	1.5
97.23	23.1772	1460.39	1.502
97.74	23.3298	1470.01	1.504
98.25	23.4827	1479.65	1.506
98.76	23.6359	1489.30	1.508
99.26	23.7871	1498.83	1.51
99.77	23.9410	1508.52	1.512
100	24.0121	1513.00	1.513

H₃PO₄

Фосфорная кислота, Mw= 98.00g/M; 20^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
1	0.1024	10.04	1.0038
2	0.2060	20.18	1.0092
4	0.4163	40.80	1.02
6	0.6312	61.85	1.0309
8	0.8506	83.36	1.042
10	1.0747	105.32	1.0532
12	1.3037	127.76	1.0647
14	1.5377	150.70	1.0764
16	1.7770	174.14	1.0884
18	2.0219	198.14	1.1008
20	2.2722	222.68	1.1134
24	2.7906	273.48	1.1395
28	3.3329	326.62	1.1665
30	3.6138	354.15	1.1805
35	4.3429	425.60	1.216
40	5.1184	501.60	1.254
45	5.9372	581.85	1.293
50	6.8112	667.50	1.335
55	7.7393	758.45	1.379
60	8.7306	855.60	1.426

H₂SO₄

Серная кислота, Mw=98.08g/M; 20^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
0.261	0.0266	2.61	1
3.242	0.3372	33.07	1.02
6.237	0.6613	64.86	1.04
9.129	0.9866	96.77	1.06
11.96	1.3170	129.17	1.08
14.73	1.6520	162.03	1.1
17.43	1.9904	195.22	1.12
18.76	2.1614	211.99	1.13
23.95	2.8570	280.22	1.17
25.21	3.0330	297.48	1.18
27.72	3.3915	332.64	1.2
30.18	3.7540	368.20	1.22
32.61	4.1228	404.36	1.24
35.01	4.4976	441.13	1.26
37.36	4.8757	478.21	1.28
39.68	5.2594	515.84	1.3
41.95	5.6458	553.74	1.32
44.17	6.0346	591.88	1.34
46.33	6.4242	630.09	1.36
48.45	6.8170	668.61	1.38
50.5	7.2084	707.00	1.4
52.51	7.6024	745.64	1.42
54.49	8.0002	784.66	1.44
56.41	8.3971	823.59	1.46
58.31	8.7988	862.99	1.48
60.17	9.2022	902.55	1.5
62	9.6085	942.40	1.52
63.81	10.0191	982.67	1.54
65.59	10.4323	1023.20	1.56
67.35	10.8496	1064.13	1.58
69.09	11.2708	1105.44	1.6
70.82	11.6974	1147.28	1.62
72.52	12.1261	1189.33	1.64
74.22	12.5617	1232.05	1.66
75.92	13.0042	1275.46	1.68
77.63	13.4554	1319.71	1.7
79.37	13.9189	1365.16	1.72
81.16	14.3983	1412.18	1.74
83.06	14.9047	1461.86	1.76
85.16	15.4552	1515.85	1.78
87.69	16.0932	1578.42	1.8
91.11	16.9066	1658.20	1.82
91.56	17.0088	1668.22	1.822
92	17.1093	1678.08	1.824
92.51	17.2230	1689.23	1.826
93.03	17.3388	1700.59	1.828
93.64	17.4716	1713.61	1.83
94.32	17.6177	1727.94	1.832
95.12	17.7865	1744.50	1.834
95.72	17.9085	1756.46	1.835

HCOOH

Муравьиная кислота (Formic Acid), Mw=46.03g/M; 20^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
5	1.0990	50.59	1.0117
10	2.2262	102.47	1.0247
16	3.6129	166.30	1.0394
22	5.0366	231.84	1.0538
30	6.9933	321.90	1.073
38	9.0150	414.96	1.092
42	10.0515	462.67	1.1016
50	12.1747	560.40	1.1208
58	14.3419	660.16	1.1382
62	15.4535	711.33	1.1473
70	17.7258	815.92	1.1656
74	18.8947	869.72	1.1753
80	20.6144	948.88	1.1861
86	22.3772	1030.02	1.1977
90	23.5509	1084.05	1.2045
92	24.1423	1111.27	1.2079
94	24.7467	1139.09	1.2118
96	25.3588	1167.26	1.2159
98	25.9403	1194.03	1.2184
100	26.5327	1221.30	1.2213

CH₃COOH

Уксусная кислота (Acetic Acid Glacial), Mw=60.05g/M; 20^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
5	0.8372	50.28	1.0055
10	1.6863	101.26	1.0126
15	2.5466	152.93	1.0195
20	3.4175	205.22	1.0261
25	4.2981	258.10	1.0324
30	5.1872	311.49	1.0383
35	6.0826	365.26	1.0436
40	6.9862	419.52	1.0488
45	7.8939	474.03	1.0534
50	8.8052	528.75	1.0575
55	9.7187	583.61	1.0611
60	10.6331	638.52	1.0642
65	11.5463	693.36	1.0667
70	12.4566	748.02	1.0686
75	13.3601	802.28	1.0697
80	14.2535	855.92	1.0699
82	14.6057	877.07	1.0696
84	14.9549	898.04	1.0691
86	15.3010	918.82	1.0684
88	15.6422	939.31	1.0674
90	15.9767	959.40	1.066
92	16.3057	979.16	1.0643
94	16.6241	998.28	1.062
96	16.9283	1016.54	1.0589
98	17.2157	1033.80	1.0549
100	17.4804	1049.70	1.0497

Щелочи.

KOH

Mw=56.1g/M; 20^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
0.197	0.0351	1.97	1
2.38	0.4327	24.28	1.02
4.58	0.8491	47.63	1.04
6.74	1.2735	71.44	1.06
8.89	1.7114	96.01	1.08
11.03	2.1627	121.33	1.1
13.14	2.6233	147.17	1.12
15.22	3.0928	173.51	1.14
17.29	3.5751	200.56	1.16
19.35	4.0701	228.33	1.18
21.38	4.5733	256.56	1.2
23.38	5.0844	285.24	1.22
25.36	5.6054	314.46	1.24
27.32	6.1360	344.23	1.26
29.25	6.6738	374.40	1.28
31.15	7.2184	404.95	1.3
33.03	7.7718	436.00	1.32
34.9	8.3362	467.66	1.34
36.73	8.9042	499.53	1.36
38.56	9.4853	532.13	1.38
40.37	10.0745	565.18	1.4
42.15	10.6690	598.53	1.42
43.92	11.2736	632.45	1.44
45.66	11.8830	666.64	1.46
47.39	12.5022	701.37	1.48
49.1	13.1283	736.50	1.5
49.95	13.4447	754.25	1.51
50.8	13.7640	772.16	1.52
51.64	14.0836	790.09	1.53
52.05	14.2418	798.97	1.535

NaOH

Mw=40.0g/M, 20^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
0.159	0.0398	1.59	1
1.94	0.4947	19.79	1.02
3.74	0.9724	38.90	1.04
5.56	1.4734	58.94	1.06
7.38	1.9926	79.70	1.08
9.19	2.5273	101.09	1.1
11.01	3.0828	123.31	1.12
12.83	3.6566	146.26	1.14
14.64	4.2456	169.82	1.16
16.44	4.8498	193.99	1.18
18.25	5.4750	219.00	1.2
20.07	6.1214	244.85	1.22
21.9	6.7890	271.56	1.24
23.73	7.4750	299.00	1.26
25.56	8.1792	327.17	1.28
27.41	8.9083	356.33	1.3
29.26	9.6558	386.23	1.32
31.14	10.4319	417.28	1.34
33.06	11.2404	449.62	1.36
35.01	12.0785	483.14	1.38
36.99	12.9465	517.86	1.4
38.99	13.8415	553.66	1.42
41.03	14.7708	590.83	1.44
43.12	15.7388	629.55	1.46
45.22	16.7314	669.26	1.48
46.27	17.2356	689.42	1.49
47.33	17.7488	709.95	1.5
48.38	18.2635	730.54	1.51
49.44	18.7872	751.49	1.52
50.5	19.3163	772.65	1.53

Другие вещества.

H₂O₂

Перекись водорода (Hydrogen Peroxide), Mw=34.01g/M; 18^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
1	0.2947	10.02	1.0022
2	0.5915	20.12	1.0058
4	1.1915	40.52	1.0131
6	1.8002	61.22	1.0204
8	2.4174	82.22	1.0277
10	3.0435	103.51	1.0351
12	3.6783	125.10	1.0425
14	4.3218	146.99	1.0499
16	4.9745	169.18	1.0574
18	5.6360	191.68	1.0649
20	6.3070	214.50	1.0725
22	6.9875	237.64	1.0802
24	7.6777	261.12	1.088
26	8.3779	284.93	1.0959
28	9.0891	309.12	1.104
30	9.8106	333.66	1.1122
35	11.6567	396.45	1.1327
40	13.5678	461.44	1.1536
45	15.6117	530.96	1.1799
50	17.5919	598.30	1.1966
55	19.7101	670.34	1.2188
60	21.9041	744.96	1.2416
65	24.1805	822.38	1.2652
70	26.5448	902.79	1.2897
75	28.9966	986.18	1.3149
80	31.5343	1072.48	1.3406
85	34.1575	1161.70	1.3667
90	36.8653	1253.79	1.3931
95	39.6564	1348.72	1.4197

NH₃

Mw=17.03g/M; 20^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
0.0465	0.0273	0.46	0.998
0.977	0.5703	9.71	0.994
1.89	1.0987	18.71	0.99
3.3	1.9068	32.47	0.984
4.27	2.4572	41.85	0.98
5.75	3.2886	56.01	0.974
6.75	3.8447	65.48	0.97
8.29	4.6926	79.92	0.964
9.34	5.2651	89.66	0.96
10.95	6.1341	104.46	0.954
12.03	6.7108	114.29	0.95
13.71	7.5997	129.42	0.944
14.88	8.2133	139.87	0.94
16.65	9.1316	155.51	0.934
17.85	9.7478	166.01	0.93
19.67	10.6724	181.75	0.924
20.88	11.2799	192.10	0.92
22.75	12.2099	207.94	0.914
24.03	12.8405	218.67	0.91
26	13.8015	235.04	0.904
27.33	14.4433	245.97	0.9
29.33	15.3970	262.21	0.894
30.68	16.0336	273.05	0.89
32.84	17.0467	290.31	0.884
34.35	17.7499	302.28	0.88

NH₂OH

Гидроксиламин, Mw=33.03g/M; 20^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
1	0.3028	10.00	1.0002
2	0.6069	20.05	1.0023
4	1.2189	40.26	1.0065
6	1.8360	60.64	1.0107
8	2.4581	81.19	1.0149
10	3.0857	101.92	1.0192
12	3.7184	122.82	1.0235
14	4.3564	143.89	1.0278
16	5.0001	165.15	1.0322
18	5.6490	186.59	1.0366
22	6.9630	229.99	1.0454
26	8.2998	274.14	1.0544
28	8.9781	296.55	1.0591
30	9.6612	319.11	1.0637
35	11.3965	376.43	1.0755
40	13.1698	435.00	1.0875
45	14.9823	494.87	1.0997
50	16.8362	556.10	1.1122
55	18.7313	618.70	1.1249

CH₃OH

Метанол, Mw=32.04g/M; 20^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
0	0.0000	0.00	0.9982
5	1.5443	49.48	0.9896
10	3.0634	98.15	0.9815
15	4.5599	146.10	0.974
20	6.0337	193.32	0.9666
25	7.4844	239.80	0.9592
30	8.9092	285.45	0.9515
35	10.3045	330.16	0.9433
40	11.6667	373.80	0.9345
45	12.9944	416.34	0.9252
50	14.2884	457.80	0.9156
55	15.5387	497.86	0.9052
60	16.7528	536.76	0.8946
65	17.9217	574.21	0.8834
70	19.0403	610.05	0.8715
75	20.1124	644.40	0.8592
80	21.1461	677.52	0.8469
85	22.1255	708.90	0.834
90	23.0393	738.18	0.8202
95	23.9042	765.89	0.8062
100	24.7097	791.70	0.7917

C₂H₅OH

Этанол, Mw=46.1g/M; 20^oC

весовой % (w/w)	M	g/L	p	объем %
4.02	0.8642	39.84	0.991	5.05
8.05	1.7195	79.27	0.9847	10.04
12.14	2.5778	118.84	0.9789	15.06
16.21	3.4234	157.82	0.9736	20.00
20.4	4.2840	197.49	0.9681	25.03
24.64	5.1429	237.09	0.9622	30.03
28.93	5.9969	276.46	0.9556	35.02
33.33	6.8540	315.97	0.948	40.03
37.83	7.7096	355.41	0.9395	45.03
42.47	8.5686	395.01	0.9301	50.04
44.32	8.9044	410.49	0.9262	52.01
46.23	9.2470	426.29	0.9221	54.01
48.15	9.5872	441.97	0.9179	56.00
50.15	9.9375	458.12	0.9135	58.03
52.12	10.2782	473.82	0.9091	60.03
54.1	10.6158	489.39	0.9046	62.01
56.12	10.9562	505.08	0.9	64.00
58.22	11.3055	521.19	0.8952	66.02
60.29	12.8218	591.08	0.9804	68.02
62.4	11.9859	552.55	0.8855	70.01
64.59	12.3351	568.65	0.8804	72.04
66.79	12.6800	584.55	0.8752	74.06
69	13.0217	600.30	0.87	76.05
73.53	13.7043	631.77	0.8592	80.04
75.85	14.0446	647.46	0.8536	82.03
78.24	14.3887	663.32	0.8478	84.04
80.68	14.7324	679.16	0.8418	86.05
83.17	15.0752	694.97	0.8356	88.05
85.69	15.4130	710.54	0.8292	90.02
88.62	15.7940	728.10	0.8216	92.25
91.02	16.0953	742.00	0.8152	94.02
93.86	16.4387	757.83	0.8074	96.02
96.8	16.7773	773.43	0.799	98.00
100	17.1193	789.20	0.7892	100.00

C₃H₈O

Изопропанол, Mw=60.10g/M; 15^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
5	0.8240	49.52	0.9904
10	1.6366	98.36	0.9836
15	2.4402	146.66	0.9777
20	3.2329	194.30	0.9715
25	4.0108	241.05	0.9642
30	4.7666	286.47	0.9549
35	5.5010	330.61	0.9446
40	6.2116	373.32	0.9333
45	6.9035	414.90	0.922
50	7.5740	455.20	0.9104
55	8.2253	494.34	0.8988
60	8.8542	532.14	0.8869
65	9.4656	568.88	0.8752
70	10.0562	604.38	0.8634
75	10.6285	638.78	0.8517
80	11.1774	671.76	0.8397
85	11.7077	703.63	0.8278
90	12.2121	733.95	0.8155
95	12.6867	762.47	0.8026
100	13.2962	799.10	0.7991

C₃H₈O₃

Глицерол, Mw=92.09g/M; 20^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
5	0.5484	50.51	1.0101
10	1.1099	102.21	1.0221
15	1.6850	155.18	1.0345
20	2.2739	209.40	1.047
25	2.8768	264.93	1.0597
30	3.4945	321.81	1.0727
35	4.1275	380.10	1.086
40	4.7758	439.80	1.0995
45	5.4377	500.76	1.1128
50	6.1152	563.15	1.1263
55	6.8074	626.89	1.1398
60	7.5142	691.98	1.1533
65	8.2371	758.55	1.167
70	8.9756	826.56	1.1808
75	9.7274	895.80	1.1944
80	10.4932	966.32	1.2079
85	11.2736	1038.19	1.2214
90	12.0668	1111.23	1.2347
95	12.8764	1185.79	1.2482
100	13.6920	1260.90	1.2609

(CH₃)₂CO

Ацетон (Acetone), Mw=58.08g/M; 25^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
5	0.8523	49.50	0.99
10	1.6925	98.30	0.983
15	2.5207	146.40	0.976
20	3.3368	193.80	0.969
25	4.1365	240.25	0.961
30	4.9277	286.20	0.954
35	5.6947	330.75	0.945
40	6.4532	374.80	0.937
45	7.1823	417.15	0.927
50	7.8857	458.00	0.916
55	8.5606	497.20	0.904
60	9.2252	535.80	0.893
65	9.8597	572.65	0.881
70	10.4735	608.30	0.869
75	11.0537	642.00	0.856
80	11.6116	674.40	0.843
85	12.1470	705.50	0.83
90	12.6446	734.40	0.816
95	13.1181	761.90	0.802
100	13.5331	786.00	0.786

Glucose (глюкоза)

C₆H₁₂O₆, Mw=180.16g/M; 20^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p
2	0.1117	20.12	1.0058
4	0.2251	40.55	1.0138
6	0.3402	61.30	1.0216
8	0.4572	82.37	1.0296
10	0.5760	103.77	1.0377
12	0.6967	125.52	1.046
14	0.8192	147.59	1.0542
16	0.9437	170.02	1.0626
18	1.0702	192.82	1.0712
20	1.1987	215.96	1.0798
22	1.3293	239.49	1.0886
24	1.4619	263.38	1.0974
26	1.5967	287.66	1.1064
28	1.7334	312.28	1.1153
30	1.8728	337.41	1.1247

Sucrose (сахароза)

C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁, Mw=342.30g/M; 20^oC

% (w/w)	M	g/L	p	индекс рефракции
2	0.0587	20.10	1.005	1.3359
4	0.1184	40.52	1.013	1.3388
6	0.1790	61.26	1.021	1.3418
8	0.2405	82.32	1.029	1.3448
10	0.3032	103.80	1.038	1.3478
12	0.3667	125.52	1.046	1.3509
14	0.4311	147.56	1.054	1.3541
16	0.4969	170.08	1.063	1.3573
18	0.5637	192.96	1.072	1.3605
20	0.6316	216.20	1.081	1.3638
22	0.7006	239.80	1.09	1.3672
24	0.7706	263.76	1.099	1.3706
26	0.8416	288.08	1.108	1.3740
28	0.9145	313.04	1.118	1.3775
30	0.9877	338.10	1.127	1.3811
32	1.0629	363.84	1.137	1.3847
34	1.1383	389.64	1.146	1.3883
36	1.2158	416.16	1.156	1.3920
38	1.2944	443.08	1.166	1.3958
40	1.3742	470.40	1.176	1.3997
42	1.4564	498.54	1.187	1.4036
44	1.5387	526.68	1.197	1.4076
46	1.6234	555.68	1.208	1.4117
48	1.7094	585.12	1.219	1.4158
50	1.7967	615.00	1.23	1.4200
52	1.8852	645.32	1.241	1.4242
54	1.9751	676.08	1.252	1.4285
56	2.0663	707.28	1.263	1.4329
58	2.1604	739.50	1.275	1.4373
60	2.2542	771.60	1.286	1.4418
62	2.3510	804.76	1.298	1.4464
64	2.4493	838.40	1.31	1.4509
66	2.5490	872.52	1.322	1.4555

> Растворы > Плотности кислот, оснований и органических веществ. Плотности растворов кислот, оснований и органических веществ.		Главная. Новости. О проекте. Справочник. Рестриктазы. Методы. Растворы. Расчёты. Обзоры. Обучение. Ссылки. Скачать сайт. Образовательные ресурсы.
Кислоты HCl HClO₄ HNO₃ H₃PO₄ H₂SO₄ HCOOH CH₃COOH Щелочи KOH NaOH Другие вещества H₂O₂ NH₃ NH₂OH Метанол Этанол Изопропанол Глицерол Ацетон Glucose Sucrose /индекс рефракции/	Плотности большинства растворов взяты из "Справочник химика", (1964) III том, "Химия", Москва-Ленинград, 2-ое издание, ред. Б.П.Никольский.


"Практическая Молекулярная Биология" http://molbiol.edu.ru e-mail: pmb@molbiol.edu.ru